Acquiring Skills in a New Language Essay -- Communication, Writing Ski

Introduction A fundamental aspect of acquiring skills in a new language is the ability to communicate messages in writing. For a teacher of English as a second language, nurturing students to develop sound writing skills is crucial to the success of the student both as a learner of the language, and their skills communication skills in reading, speaking and even listening in English. The natural ability of native speakers to communicate in a given language does not automatically indicate proficiency in their writing skills, which must be acquired. The psycholinguist Eric Lenneberg noted that writing is a culturally specific and learned behaviour (Brown, H.D, p334). Consequently, writing skills are important to developing a student’s appreciation of Western culture and a student who does not acquire sound writing skills is deprived of many benefits of reading and communicating with the Western world. This essay will explore the key principles for developing writing skills for non-English speakers, and how these principles can be applied by a teacher of English writing skills in a classroom context. The essay will explore relevant literature and research in this area. Key Principles for Developing Writing Skills The ability to write and express oneself in a second language with accuracy and coherence is a complicated skill. As stated by Celce-Murcia, as many native speakers of English never master this skill (Celce-Murcia, M, p187). Mastery of English Fundamentals That good writing skills take time to develop is understandable since good written expression draws on many other aspects of one’s English abilities – including a good grasp of English grammar, accurate spelling, extensive vocabulary, unders... ... ability to read widely improves a learner`s writing skills. In designing classroom activities, a teacher could apply pedagogical practices that exercise a range of these skills. Joy Reid suggests the use of cooperative and group work that offer writers authentic audiences, the integration of language skills in class activities, and the use of relevant, authentic materials and tasks (Carter, R and Nunna D, (Eds), p32). Conclusion As Prabhu states, there is no best method to teaching English writing (Prabhu, N.S, p175) and a successful teacher is likely to use a combination of all these methodologies. In a classroom context, the best methods focus on the process of writing, the use of free expression in the framework of learned conventions and controlled expressions, and the teaching of culture simultaneous with the teaching of language skills and writing.

How I Became Hettie Jones with Two Secondary Sources…

How I Became Hettie Jones. The skin color of a person used to be a big issue in America, which appeared to have been resolved; however, it is still a big issue today. Although there is no longer slavery, a number of people continue to act in a racist fashion. They pass on these thoughts of prejudice and racism to their children, who then pass it on to their children and so forth, therefore it becomes extremely difficult to prevent it. Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. There are still numerous stereotypes that can be associated with a person's skin color.Stereotypes are regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type. However, there is not only prejudice towards the black community, but also a prejudice against the white community. Hettie Jones tells the story of her life as an unconventional woman during the 50s and 60s, struggling to find her place and role in the world in New York City during the Be at generation. She was originally born as Hettie Cohen. This changed after meeting a fellow employee destined to become her spouse. She knew that their romance would cause criticism and discomfort with some people, as any interracial romances with â€Å"Negros† would at the time.He simply had too much going for him, being a â€Å"warm, funny, voluble, tender, wildly ambitious, supremely confident†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hettie became pregnant twice, one child aborted, the other she kept as the two wed. Both of their parents were simply heartbroken to hear about them being together. Ultimately however, the Jones family gave Hettie acceptance, welcoming a white daughter-in-law to the family. As for Hettie Jones, she did not consider herself white, because she didn't know what that meant anyways which is the reason that made her marry a black person even if everybody around her gave her weird looks.She quoted â€Å" For being someone these people could not influence, or hold, forgive me , but this is America†¦.. Sometimes you have to go on the road. †(62). But after their first major fight, during which Roi slaps her, Hettie notes, â€Å"Do you see race in this? Have you forgotten? It would get worse. † Many years and two children later, it does: under the influence of the Black Power movement, Roi grows increasingly ambivalent about the fact of his wife's race, finally refusing to take her to the opening of his play, Dutchman.The marriage, mirroring the times, dissolves; as Jones notes: â€Å"It fit right in with dissolving black-white political alliances. † In Andrew Hacker's book, Two Nations:Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. Hacker argues that blacks and whites live in two different worlds. Hacker believes that race plays a larger role in America than it does anywhere else in the world. The title has many sources and foreshadows some of the conclusions he makes in the book. The â€Å"Two Nations†being discussed are the White nation and the African-American (Black) nation.It has been said many times in history that the two major races in this country have been separate, hostile and unequal. This book is Hacker's opinion as to the real dimensions of race and how it controls lives and divides society. The integration issue was raised in the chapter of the book: Being Black in America. In thischapter, the author tries to describe in detail what an African-American goes through and has to deal with simply because of the color of his/her skin.Hacker illustrates how black people feel they are looked at and treated by white America. He seems to really want to stress to white people that they should try to see things from a black perspective. He wants whites to try to imagine what it is like to have a stigma attached to you because of the color of your skin. He talks about issues that range from housing, to police, to their family structure, to blatant discrimination, to having to explain and defend thems elves (and sometimes all blacks in general) intellectually to white people.

Introduction To Nike Inc Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1622 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Originally founded by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman, Nike is now the market leader in the manufacturing of sportswear and gear and enjoys possessing more than 47% of the market share across the globe. Nikes mission is to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete (Nike Inc., 2012). According to them, you are an athlete if you possess a body. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction To Nike Inc Business Essay" essay for you Create order The company has over 700 shops around the world and has offices situated in 45 countries outside the United States. Most of its factories are located in Southeast Asia including China, Indonesia, Taiwan, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Pakistan, and Malaysia. It enjoys possessing the strength of being the market leader and access to cheap material and labor. Moreover, it has to pay lower tariffs and duties; and with its presence in numerous countries, its suppliers have lower bargaining power. However, it is constantly under threat from the substitute goods which are swiftly gaining ground (Sookiew, 2012). Introduction to the Case This case focuses on the working conditions faced by the workers who work in the factories under contract with Nike. The case reveals that the subcontractors were not paying wages to their workers as per international standards. All the factories and manufacturing units were divided into four main divisions: chemical, production, stitching and assembly section. The production goals were so high that in order to meet the goals, the workers had to work over time, and that too without incentives. The workers were habitually abused verbally and physically by their supervisors. Many people were prone to be the patients of kidney disease, liver cancer, heart attacks, infertility and many skin related diseases in future due to pitiable working environment. The case looks at the measures undertaken to resolve the issue. Few colleges and universities joined hands to establish Workers Rights Consortium (WRC); aimed at checking the malpractices of companies with special regards to employee rights. University of Oregon (UO) decided to become a part of the campaign a move which was not supported by Phil Knight. He decided to call off all the donations that he had promised UO and announced to abandon all future donations too. He did not agree to the terms and conditions that were laid out by WRC and sought to reduce their influence. This case looks at the influences, effects and probable strategies to combat the situation. Main Participants and their Interests There are numerous participants and players in this case and all of these have their certain influence on the case in different ways. The four main participants are Nike, buyers, suppliers, substitutes and rivals in the market. Nike: Perhaps the most important player in the case is Nike itself. It is not only the market leader, but leads the market with almost half of the market share and leaves the rest to be divided amongst the other rivals in the market. In this particular case, Nike holds the power to change the situation by adopting an alternative strategy. Being the market leader, it might also influence other companies and change the outlook to the entire scenario. Also, its main power lies in its decision to whether or not to pay the employees well. According to the Porters Five Forces Model, Nike retains the power to bargain with the suppliers and also, enjoy customer loyalty. However, due to bad publicity, the threat of rivals has increased for Nike. Nike is highly interested in the financial implications of the case. It would affect the overall cost structure, supply chain breakdown and the ultimate pricing strategy of Nike. This could also affect the marketing strategy in future; if Nike de cides to address the issue through the marketing tools and reach out to the public directly. Buyers: The most important role in any market is played by the buyers. They are the ultimate market and thus everything that the producers do, is aimed at convincing the buyers to purchase their products. Especially in the modern era, ready and instant access to information has empowered the buyer even more. The target market of Nike in general, and its buyers in specific, are no exception. Rather, they have many choices as there are close and quality rivals competing in the market. The buying behaviour of consumers change continuously and they do not tend to stay long with a company if they do not get any change or satisfaction. Though they look for innovation, but generally buyers want to purchase products at lower costs. There are times and situations where buyers do not feel the pressure of brand loyalty; masses tend to go for products which offer lower prices. In this particular case, the buyers hold primary importance because on one side they prefer low costs sportswear and gear, while on the other they also concerned about the working conditions of the workers who manufacture the products they use. There exists a complex balance between the two dilemmas. However, as Nike targets the high income group, they are more concerned with the ethical and social issues. However, in either case, the end effect would be on the buyers if Nike decides to alter its strategy. This is the reason why Nike has to keep all above issues in mind while framing the policy; for a slightly more weight age for any one concern could lead to a severe reduction in the demand for Nikes products. Suppliers/ Contractors: Another major category of participants are the contractors who supply the products to Nike. Nike has 565 contract factories and they have a network covering about 45 countries in all continents of world. As the case indicates, there is no factory or manufacturing unit that is directly operated by Nike. Therefore, it is highly dependent on its contractors for the production. The contractors have access to cheap and quick raw material; they can thus reserve the right to exploit Nike at will. Moreover, they are the basic cause of Nikes access to cheap labor. Therefore, they undoubtedly hold a primarily strategic importance in the case. Moreover, they have a strong financial interest in the company too. They are indirectly affected by the demand levels, as regards the production units and the relative prices of the units. Any downfall for Nike would mean a doom for the contractors too. Hence, they look for an improvement in Nikes market position in order to get a chance to negoti ate a higher price for each unit supplied by them. University of Oregon One of the major players of this case is the University of Oregon. Though Nike was affected by the progress of WRC, but it was the inclusion of UO into WRC that finally triggered the situation. The University of Oregon was caught in the middle between Philip H. Knight as the universitys most important financial benefactor on one hand and its activist student and staff body on the other. Knight had previously contributed more than $50 million to the school and was thinking about making his biggest donation yet to refurbish the football stadium. It was the joining of UO to the WRC that finally brought Nike to the forefront and Knight had to announce his stance on the situation. Financially, the University was both dependent on its sponsors as well as its students; and it is not astounding for that reason to see that it tried to arrive at a compromise: it would join WRC for one year, provisional on the consortiums conformity to give companies a voice in its operations. Process of Strategy Making Henry Mintzbergs Schools of Thought Henry Mintzberg organized strategy approaches into ten schools of thought; each had its own strategy characteristic toward organization. Two of these schools, environmental and cultural  schools, are going to be taken into consideration. The Cultural school of thought proposed that the approach is collective in nature and all the employees have to follow it. It can be viewed as the organizational strategy as it is implemented collectively and at various department levels, and it includes the major Head of Departments in decisions based on anthropology. The cultural thoughts are based on norms, values, participation of public and society as a whole and they affect the decision making and change the behaviour of organization. This school can be resistive in nature and can create hurdles in change and mergers or acquaintances for an organizations thinking of process change. This thought covers the general publics perspective and they can also be the base of cultural dimensions of people. However, environmental school of thought it is more of a reactive approach as compared to other school of thoughts. It has effects of external factors outside from organization and approach of public, it is based on external factors and they give more importance to outer side and people have nothing much to do in this type of thought. Outer environment has more influence on strategy formulation and decision making related to policy making in organization. Environmental dimensions are more playful and handy in framing policy as compared to cultural thoughts. Leadership and organizational culture has a higher level of influence; in fact, the more it is capable of influencing, the more will be the desired results. In spite of diverse features, some correspondence between the two schools of thought could be considered. Both of the schools are more concerned with definite features in the strategy management process. It promotes more innovation and experimentation within th e business. In cultural school, business culture is put at the core to support key value, quality, service, or intellectual production. Furthermore, the environmental changes will guide to changes in business strategy and bring new perceptions and more experiment to the company. However, on the downside, both the schools have vague dimensions and offer fewer realistic clues to how things should be done.